What it is
Areas of increased skin pigmentation — including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and age spots — which are benign but cosmetically significant and influenced by sun exposure, hormones, and skin injury.
Areas of increased skin pigmentation — including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and age spots — which are benign but cosmetically significant and influenced by sun exposure, hormones, and skin injury.

At a glance
What it is
Areas of increased skin pigmentation — including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and age spots — which are benign but cosmetically significant and influenced by sun exposure, hormones, and skin injury.
Commonly experienced as
Evidence context
Emerging evidenceSee the evidence snapshotHistory & Origin
Dark spots on the skin (hyperpigmentation) arise when melanocytes produce excess melanin in specific areas. The main types are post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark marks left after acne, eczema, or skin injury), melasma (hormonally driven symmetrical darkening on the face, strongly associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptive use), solar lentigines (age spots from cumulative sun exposure), and freckles. Most hyperpigmentation is benign. Any pigmented lesion that is irregular, changing, or has features of malignant melanoma requires medical assessment. Preventing further sun exposure is the most important step in managing existing hyperpigmentation and preventing new spots.
The Evidence
What research and practice say about dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and the approaches that may support skin health.
Benign but worth understanding — and some approaches have real support
Most dark spots are harmless and well understood. Evidence supports sun protection as the primary strategy, with topical actives like vitamin C and niacinamide showing meaningful results. Nutritional and herbal approaches have emerging but more limited support.
A lesion that changes shape, colour, or size rapidly warrants professional assessment to rule out serious skin conditions. A non-healing wound, ulcer, or signs of skin infection — increasing redness, warmth, swelling, or pus — also require prompt attention. A spreading rash accompanied by fever is a separate concern needing urgent care.
Consistent broad-spectrum sun protection is the most important and well-evidenced strategy for managing existing hyperpigmentation and preventing new spots. Topical vitamin C and niacinamide have good evidence for reducing pigmentation over time. Azelaic acid and liquorice root extract show meaningful melanin-inhibiting effects in research, though study quality varies.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation follows skin injury or inflammation such as acne. Melasma is hormonally driven and often symmetrical on the face, strongly linked to pregnancy and hormonal contraceptives. Solar lentigines accumulate with sun exposure over time. Identifying the type matters because triggers, timelines, and responses to intervention differ across each.
A diet rich in antioxidants — vitamin C, vitamin E, and polyphenols — supports skin repair and may reduce oxidative stress that worsens pigmentation. Herbal preparations including azelaic acid derived from grains and liquorice root extract have evidence for melanin inhibition. These approaches are best considered alongside, not instead of, established skincare and sun protection.
Dermatologists and general practitioners can assess pigmented lesions and recommend evidence-based topical or procedural options. Nutritional therapists and naturopaths may explore dietary antioxidant support. Aesthetic practitioners offer targeted treatments such as chemical peels or laser. Combining professional assessment with lifestyle strategies tends to produce the most consistent outcomes.
Hyperpigmentation responds slowly — most interventions require consistent use over months before visible change. Evidence for many supplements and herbal products is preliminary, with small or short-term studies. Inflated outcome claims are common in the skincare industry. Professional assessment remains important for any lesion that is new, changing, or uncertain.
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References
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