What it is
Headache describes pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck, representing one of the most common human symptoms.
Pain or discomfort experienced in the head, scalp, or neck — ranging from tension-type to migraine, cluster headache, and secondary causes requiring investigation.

At a glance
What it is
Headache describes pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck, representing one of the most common human symptoms.
Commonly experienced as
Evidence context
Safety
See staying safeHistory & Origin
Headache is among the most prevalent human symptoms, affecting up to 75% of adults in any given year. The International Headache Society (IHS) classifies headaches as primary (where headache is the condition itself — including tension-type, migraine, and cluster headache) or secondary (where headache is a symptom of an underlying condition — including infection, hypertension, intracranial pathology, or medication overuse). Tension-type headache is the most prevalent, typically described as bilateral pressure or tightness. Migraine is the second most prevalent and the most disabling, characterised by unilateral, throbbing pain with nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, lasting 4–72 hours. Cluster headache is the most severe, producing excruciating unilateral periocular pain with autonomic features in cyclical periods. Secondary causes must always be considered — particularly for new, sudden, severe, or progressively worsening headache.
The Evidence
Headache spans dozens of causes and types. Understanding the evidence helps you navigate options — and recognise when professional assessment is essential.
Well-researched symptom with clear clinical pathways
Headache is one of the most studied symptoms in medicine, with robust guidelines covering primary types including tension, migraine, and cluster. Evidence also supports several complementary approaches, though secondary causes must always be considered first.
A sudden, severe headache reaching maximum intensity within seconds — thunderclap — may indicate subarachnoid haemorrhage and is a medical emergency. Headache with fever, neck stiffness, or rash may indicate meningitis. Progressive worsening with morning vomiting, new headache after age 50, or headache with neurological symptoms all require prompt professional assessment.
Tension-type headache responds well to simple analgesia and physiotherapy. Migraine has strong evidence for triptans acutely and preventive agents including topiramate, propranolol, and anti-CGRP biologics. High-flow oxygen is an effective acute intervention for cluster headache. NICE and IHS guidelines provide clear, stratified pathways across all primary types.
Using pain-relief medication more than 10 to 15 days per month can lead to medication overuse headache — a common and underrecognised driver of daily headache. Withdrawal requires clinical supervision. Triptans are not appropriate for everyone, particularly those with cardiovascular conditions or specific migraine subtypes. Always discuss medication patterns with a qualified clinician.
Acupuncture is recommended by NICE for both tension-type headache and migraine prevention. Peppermint oil applied to the forehead has RCT evidence comparable to paracetamol for tension headache. Magnesium supplementation and ginger show evidence for migraine. Feverfew has preventive evidence for migraine, though study quality varies. These approaches complement rather than replace professional care.
A GP or neurologist can identify headache type and rule out secondary causes. Physiotherapists address cervicogenic contributors. Psychologists and pain specialists support chronic headache management. Complementary practitioners — including acupuncturists and herbalists — may offer adjunctive support. Keeping a headache diary tracking frequency, triggers, and medication use is a practical first step.
If headache is new, worsening, occurring more than twice a week, or significantly affecting daily life, professional assessment is recommended. Frequent analgesic use should be reviewed by a clinician. Any headache with the features listed in the red flags module requires urgent care. Self-management strategies are most appropriate once a clear headache type has been established.
Safety first
General, informational guidance — not diagnostic. A qualified practitioner can advise on your own situation.
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References
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