What it is
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from elevated bilirubin, requiring medical investigation to identify the cause.
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from elevated bilirubin, requiring medical investigation to identify the cause.

At a glance
What it is
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from elevated bilirubin, requiring medical investigation to identify the cause.
Commonly experienced as
Evidence context
Experiential supportSee the evidence snapshotContext
Jaundice describes visible yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera (whites of the eyes) caused by elevated bilirubin levels (above approximately 35 micromol/L). Bilirubin is a breakdown product of haemoglobin that is normally processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Jaundice signals either excessive haemoglobin breakdown (haemolytic causes), impaired hepatic bilirubin processing (hepatocellular causes — hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, drug toxicity), or obstruction of bile outflow (cholestatic causes — gallstones, pancreatic cancer, primary biliary cholangitis). Each cause has a distinct clinical profile and requires different investigation and management. Any degree of jaundice in an adult requires urgent or prompt doctor assessment — it is rarely benign and often indicates significant hepatic, biliary, or haematological pathology.
The Evidence
Jaundice is a clinical sign, not a condition in itself. Understanding the evidence means understanding what drives it and when to act.
Jaundice always needs professional investigation
Yellowing of the skin and eyes signals elevated bilirubin and can reflect serious liver, bile duct, or blood conditions. Evidence strongly supports prompt medical assessment to identify the underlying cause — self-management is not appropriate.
Seek urgent care if jaundice appears suddenly, is accompanied by fever, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or dark urine and pale stools. These may indicate acute liver failure, biliary obstruction, or serious infection. Do not wait to see if symptoms resolve — prompt assessment can be critical.
A doctor will assess bilirubin levels, liver function, and imaging to determine whether the cause is haemolytic, hepatocellular, or obstructive. Each pathway requires different investigation and management. No complementary or self-directed approach substitutes for this professional assessment.
Endoscopic procedures have strong evidence for relieving biliary obstruction. Ursodeoxycholic acid has established evidence for primary biliary cholangitis. Beyond cause-directed medical care, evidence for complementary approaches to jaundice itself is limited and should not delay or replace professional investigation.
Avoiding alcohol, certain medications, and hepatotoxic substances is broadly supported during liver-related illness. Nutritional support may be relevant depending on the underlying cause. Any complementary approaches should be discussed with the treating clinician, as some supplements can affect liver function.
Complementary and holistic approaches do not resolve biliary obstruction, reverse hepatocellular damage, or address haemolytic conditions. Evidence for herbal or alternative interventions specifically for jaundice is limited and sometimes contradictory. Inflated outcome claims in this area should be viewed with caution.
Several herbal products — including kava, high-dose green tea extract, and certain traditional preparations — are associated with liver stress and may be harmful when liver function is already compromised. Always inform your doctor of any supplements or complementary products you are using.
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