What are the most common causes of shoulder pain?

Common causes include rotator cuff injuries (strains, tendinopathy, or tears), frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), impingement syndrome, acromioclavicular joint issues, postural strain from prolonged desk work, and referred pain from the neck or thoracic spine. Accurate diagnosis guides the most effective treatment approach.

How effective is physiotherapy for shoulder pain?

Physiotherapy is one of the most evidence-supported interventions for shoulder pain across most presentations. A structured programme of targeted exercise, manual therapy, and postural education typically produces good outcomes. Most shoulder conditions — including rotator cuff tendinopathy and impingement — respond well to conservative physiotherapy management without surgery.

Can acupuncture help shoulder pain?

Acupuncture has good evidence for pain reduction in shoulder pain, particularly rotator cuff tendinopathy and post-surgical shoulder pain. It is often used alongside physiotherapy as part of a combined approach. A qualified acupuncturist with musculoskeletal experience can assess whether it is appropriate for your specific shoulder presentation.

When does shoulder pain require surgery?

Most shoulder pain does not require surgery. Conservative management — physiotherapy, injection therapy, and time — resolves the majority of presentations. Surgery may be considered for complete rotator cuff tears, severe structural instability, or conditions that have not responded to at least 6 months of well-directed conservative treatment. A shoulder specialist can advise on individual circumstances.

Musculoskeletal Healthlow Risk

Shoulder Pain

Pain, stiffness, or restricted movement in the shoulder joint and surrounding structures, arising from a range of muscular, structural, or postural causes.

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Reviewed by Dr. Ian Henderson · Microbiobial Health & Medicine26 March 2026Research-supported

Quick answer

Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints, encompassing rotator cuff injuries, postural strain, frozen shoulder, and referred pain. Physiotherapy, osteopathy, acupuncture, and movement practices show strong evidence for pain reduction and restored range of motion.

Do any of these feel familiar?

Pain worse with overhead movements, reaching behind the back, or lifting
Catching or clicking sensations in the shoulder
Reduced range of motion — difficulty with daily tasks such as dressing or reaching overhead
Night pain that disrupts sleep, particularly when lying on the affected side
Weakness with pushing, pulling, or lifting
Stiffness worse in the morning
Radiation of pain into the upper arm

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Related Conditions

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy

Neck Pain

Postural Imbalance

Repetitive Strain Injury

Back Pain

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